Telli Çalgılar

Tarafından Gönderildi sesmuzik73 25/04/2023 83 Yorumlar

Telli Çalgılar Nedir?

 

Telli çalgılar, titreşen teller aracılığı ile ses üreten müzik aletleridir. Telli çalgılar üç ana grup altında incelenebilir: Tezeneli çalgılar, yaylı telli çalgılar ve vurmalı telli çalgılar. Bu gruplarda yer alan çalgılar farklı şekillerde telleri titreştirerek ses oluştururlar. Telli çalgılar hem klasik hem de popüler müzikte yaygın olarak kullanılır.

 

 

Telli Çalgıların Tarihçesi

 

Telli çalgıların tarihi çok eskilere dayanmaktadır. İlk telli çalgıların Mezopotamya, Mısır ve Çin gibi uygarlıklarda ortaya çıktığı düşünülmektedir. Bu çalgılar genellikle tahta, kemik, deri ve hayvan bağırsakları gibi malzemelerden yapılmıştır. Tarihte bilinen en eski telli çalgılardan biri arp'tır. Arp, bir yay şeklindeki tahta gövdeye gerilmiş tellerden oluşan bir alettir. Arp'ın M.Ö 3000 yılında Sümerler tarafından icat edildiği sanılmaktadır.

 

Tarihte önemli bir yeri olan diğer bir telli çalgı ise lir'dir. Lir, Yunan mitolojisinde tanrı Apollon'un simgesi olan bir alettir. Lir, iki kollu bir tahta gövdeye gerilmiş yedi telden oluşur. Lir'in M.Ö 2000 yılında Anadolu'da ortaya çıktığı ve Yunanistan'a Fenikeliler tarafından getirildiği düşünülmektedir.

 

Tarihte yaylı telli çalgıların ortaya çıkışı ise daha sonraki dönemlere rastlamaktadır. Yaylı telli çalgıların atası olan rebab'ın M.S 8. yüzyılda Araplar tarafından icat edildiği ve Orta Asya üzerinden Avrupa'ya yayıldığı kabul edilmektedir. Rebab, bir kase şeklindeki tahta gövdeye gerilmiş iki veya üç telden ve at kılından yapılmış bir yaydan oluşur.

 

Rebab'ın Avrupa'da geliştirilmesi sonucunda keman ve kemençe gibi yaylı telli çalgılar ortaya çıkmıştır. Keman, 16. yüzyılda İtalya'da luthier (çalgı yapım ustası) aileler tarafından yapılmıştır. Keman, dört telden ve at kılından yapılmış bir yaydan oluşur. Keman, klasik batı müziğinde en çok kullanılan yaylı telli çalgılardan biridir.

 

Kemençe ise 17. yüzyılda Karadeniz bölgesinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Kemençe, üç telden ve at kılından yapılmış bir yaydan oluşur. Kemençe, halk müziği ve Karadeniz müziğinde yaygın olarak kullanılır.

 

Tarihte vurmalı telli çalgıların ortaya çıkışı ise daha geç dönemlere denk gelmektedir. Vurmalı telli çalgılardan en bilineni olan piyano, 18. yüzyılın başında İtalya'da Bartolomeo Cristofori tarafından icat edilmiştir. Piyano, tuşlara basılmasıyla harekete geçen küçük çekiçlerin tellere vurmasıyla ses çıkartan bir alettir. Piyano, 88 tuşlu ve genellikle ahşap gövdeli bir alettir. Piyano, hem klasik hem de popüler müzikte çok kullanılan bir alettir.

 

Telli Çalgıların Çeşitleri

 

Telli çalgılar genel olarak şu şekilde sınıflandırılabilir:

 

- Tezeneli çalgılar: Tellerin mızrap, pena vb. aletler yardımı ile çekip bırakılarak titreştirilmesi ile çalışır. Salt parmaklar da kullanılabilir. Bu tip çalgılara örnek olarak gitar ve çeşitleri, bağlama, tambur, ut, mandolin, kanun, arp, tar gösterilebilir.

 

- Yaylı telli çalgılar: Çalgının telleri ile onu çalmakta kullanılan yayın kıllarının birbirine sürtülerek çekilmesi sonucu ses üretilir. Yaylı çalgılara örnek olarak keman ve kemençe gösterilebilir.

 

- Vurmalı telli çalgılar: Tellerin üzerine bir çekiç ile vurularak titreşim ve ses oluşturulur. Bu tip çalgılara örnek olarak piyano gösterilebilir.

Etiketler: telli çalgılar

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